Tribute to Rajeev Motwani

Rajeev Motwani, a computer science professor at Stanford University, a Silicon Valley angel investor, and a close friend, unexpectedly passed away today in a seemingly unfortunate accident in his house. He was 47, and is survived by his wife Asha Jadeja and two daughters.

I'm currently in New Delhi on work, and just received a call with this shocking news from a common friend in San Francisco. This is a terrible, terrible loss.

I first met Rajeev around seven years back at the TiECon conference in Silicon Valley. We quickly became good friends given our common background - we both went to the same undergraduate engineering school in India (IIT Kanpur), he was from Delhi and I'd spent a significant part of my life, including senior schooling, in Delhi, and we shared our passion about Consumer Internet and technology.

Rajeev had been trying to pursue me to move to Silicon Valley ever since we met. He kept encouraging me to do a start-up, and felt I was not a big firm guy. He was one of the few people I always tried to meet when I visited the Valley. I'll always cherish all those moments when we would lounge around in the Stanford cafeteria and discuss and debate about industry trends, technology and interesting start-ups coming up in the Valley - Rajeev loved to mentor, advise, and even provide seed funding to aspiring students and entrepreneurs. He was an early adviser and backer of Google and PayPal. Sergey Brin, the Google co-founder, was one of the first ones to pay his tribute to Rajeev and acknowledged Rajeev's valuable contribution in his professional development as well as in the birth of Google in the halls of Stanford.

Rajeev was always helping others. He never hesitated to make my introductions to digital media & entertainment start-ups that wanted to work with NBC Universal, or entrepreneurs/students who needed my advise in this space. I've also been involved with Media X at Stanford University, a collaboration of the university and industry that brings together Stanford's technology research with companies committed to technical advancement and innovation (NBCU is a member).

Last I met Rajeev was only a couple of days before starting my current Asia trip - I was in Silicon Valley to speak at TiEcon, when we briefly met over coffee. We were supposed to have lunch the next day before my flight back to New York - he wanted to talk about a few startups he was working with. Unfortunately we couldn't coordinate the lunch due to some last minute changes in our schedules - his cell phone battery ran out, and by the time he got my message, I was already at the airport. We decided to catch-up upon my return from Asia. That will never happen now...such is life!

I'll always miss Rajeev's friendship, his quest for knowledge, his warmth, and his genuine desire & ever-willingness to help others. I would like to pay my most sincere condolences to Asha and her two daughters.

Coming up...

There are three posts I'm currently working on at the moment - social recommendation, future of print, and rise of netbooks. Due to my work schedule and domestic travel over the past four weeks, I've not been able to finish them before starting my two-week Asia trip today.

Currently writing this post from the airport lounge, about to board my longest flight ever - 19 hrs non-stop, New York to Singapore. The next two weeks will take me to Singapore, N. Delhi, Bombay, and possibly Dubai.

I'll be back in touch upon my return. Happy Memorial day...

Electronic book readers will revolutionize book reading & writing

Electronic book readers are finally reaching the critical threshold limit beyond which adoption can easily tip over for the product to become a mass phenomenon. What may really hasten the tipping point is price reduction - $300+ for just a stand alone digital book reader feels too high to me. Amazon Kindle and Sony Reader Digital Book are the two top selling pure e-book readers, in addition to several mobile phone applications that try to serve the same function on the mobile device.

Of the two, Kindle has clearly captured the imagination of early adopters (me included), given its seamless end-to-end ecosystem - a smart device plus the largest selection of current books for the device plus free wireless delivery of reading material through Sprint's wireless network in the U.S.

Amazon sold 500,000 Kindles in 2008, per Mark Mahaney, the Internet analyst at Citigroup Investment Research. The number would have been higher had Amazon not run out of the product in November, just before the start of the peak Christmas buying season. Mahaney estimates Amazon will sell 1M Kindles this year, and 3.5M in 2010. These are clearly impressive numbers for a new product.

Below are couple of "aha" moments from my experience with Kindle that makes me believe that e-book readers will fundamentally revolutionize how we read books.

Recently I was out on a beach in the Caribbean (Puerto Rico), enjoying the Sunday New York Times on my Kindle. The guy next to me, an economist, who also happened to be from New York, started chatting about the state of the world economy, and shared a few points from the book that he was reading, The End of Poverty, by the celebrated economist Jeffrey Sachs. Intrigued by Sachs' plan in his book on how to eliminate extreme poverty around the world by 2025, I tapped a few strokes on my Kindle and found that the Kindle version of this New York Times bestseller was available on Amazon. I ordered the book, and jumped out of my beach lounger to take a quick dip in the warm Atlantic water. By the time I was back, voila...there it was - the complete ~400-page long book was downloaded and available for me to enjoy.

It felt amazingly liberating. The whole world of books was at my fingertips, anytime, anywhere. (Kindle wireless service through Sprint 3G high-speed data network is currently only available in the U.S. and its territories like Puerto Rico).

Another such liberating moment came couple of months back. I was flying out of New York to speak at the FRAMES media conference in Mumbai, India. Just as I made myself comfortable on the flight seat, I realized that I forgot to bring the book, The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao by Junot Diaz, that a friend had lend me to read on the long fifteen-hour flight. I pulled out my Kindle, ordered the book on Amazon, and was half way through the introduction before flight doors were closed for the take-off.

These "aha" moments mainly reflected the fact that the whole book store was following me wherever I went. But the revolutionary aspect of e-book reader also includes leveraging three main fundamental aspects of the Internet medium - social, non-linear and interactive - to the centuries-old, un-changed, practice of book reading and writing, in addition to its ability to transform the economics of book/print business.

Digitization of books and availability of that content on the Internet will enable fundamentally new experiences. People today read books mostly in a linear and immersive manner. That will change in a connected, digital world where information and content on the Internet is organized and navigated through hyperlinks. Readers will be able to jump straight to the section, page or paragraph they're interested in inside the book. Such behavior changes will be especially relevant for non-fiction work, where plot and story-telling is less important, and linear reading consumption can be broken down. Internet search engines, which rank Web pages based on their popularity, will bubble popular sections inside books to the top of Web search results. Imagine cataloging together all digital books on a certain topic you want to research, and reviewing only the most cited sections, ranked by a search engine that lists them based on relevancy level of what you're researching and its popularity amongst the masses.

Book reading could also become social, where you'll be able to annotate purchased material, which, if you choose, could be shared with others who purchase the same material, in real-time.

Browse, discovery and consumption of book content will therefore follow the patterns users have already been using with other content on the Internet for a long time.

In addition to how books are read, book writing will also fundamentally change. Authors can include incoming and outgoing hyperlinks. Footnotes, citations and bibliographies are obvious areas to leverage links. Similar to how Search Engine Optimization (SEO) is a must-do for every Website publisher today, book authors will write to optimize how search engines crawl inside their books and improve ranking of not just the book, but individual sections and pages inside the book to the top of user search results.

Google Book Search initiative is a key component to enable the above experiences. Google recently settled with book publishers and authors in a landmark $125M lawsuit, the biggest book deal ever, thus allowing Google to continue digital scanning of copyrighted books, an initiative Google had earlier started without their permission. It already has scanned over 10M books, and continues to scan several thousand more each month, including some which are out of circulation and cannot be found in book stores.

E-book readers may also significantly transform the economics of books/print business, and push for new business models. Steve Balmer, the CEO of Microsoft, believes that in five to ten years, physical delivery of all media will disappear in the U.S.

Google's legal settlement lays out a new system that will track total revenue generated by Google from books (book sales, advertising and other fees) and split it between Google (37%) and authors & publishers (63%).

Easy availability of digital books will boost sales. Impulse purchases, as I did with The End of Poverty on the beach, will be possible, and should further increase sales. According to Amazon, purchasing behaviors already show that Kindle owners buy more books on Amazon than non-Kindle owners. I've certainly bought more books in the past six months since buying Kindle than I would have otherwise. Not that the amount of free time I now have to read books has changed, but my reading behavior has. I've all my books in one light-weight device which I can easily carry everywhere, so I'm often "snacking" different books simultaneously, and more frequently jumping from one to another depending on my mood.

In terms of new business models, a-la-carte pricing, allowing readers to purchase only certain sections of a book/newspaper/magazine will become feasible. I may want to subscribe to only the Arts section of The New York Times on Sundays, as opposed to the whole newspaper, seven days a week, or just the Special Report section of Economist, whenever this section, which is not a regular piece, is carried in this weekly magazine.

As mentioned before, e-book readers, currently priced at $300+, are too expensive for a dedicated reading device. For Kindle, in addition to revenue from the device, Amazon has the potential to make money on purchased books as well. Amazon may want to therefore consider subsidizing the device to drive adoption, and recover the subsidy by requiring customers to purchase content worth a certain amount over a specified period of time - essentially following the model used by wireless carriers where new mobile phones are sold at substantially reduced price in return for a contract that allows carriers to recover the subsidy through monthly usage fees from the customer over the contract life.

Some however estimate that Amazon is currently loosing money on every book it sells on Kindle - it's subsidizing the book prize to promote the device. It may therefore be unlikely that Amazon will take a further hit and reduce the device price.

The fight between Amazon (content distributor) and authors/publishers (content owner) over who controls the content prize is already brewing up for books, as it did earlier with video on iTunes.

E-book readers eliminate printing and distribution cost of physical books, that can be up to 40% of the total cost of a book. Some of that cost savings can be transferred to customers. Already, the Kindle versions of The New York Times best-sellers cost $9.99 (incur no printing & distribution cost). In comparison, hard copy of the same book may cost $17 on the Amazon online book store (incur no distribution cost), and up to $28 at the Barnes & Noble bricks-and-mortar store (incur both printing & distribution cost).

Additionally, and increasingly important, is the "green" nature of electronic books, magazines & newspapers. It'd be interesting to calculate the total carbon foot-print of printing all of the reading material our planet consumes every year, and estimate reduction is green-house emissions if, say, 5% of the total reading consumption on the Earth goes purely digital.

Lastly, the subscription model for print, already hailed as the potential savior of last resort for newspapers, can get a significant boost by e-book readers. Kindle already sells hundreds of newspapers, magazines, blogs, etc., on a subscription basis. Yes, some of that content is otherwise freely available on the Internet. But similar to the role that the iTunes/iPod ecosystem has played with digital music, Amazon's seamless experience with its bookstore, one-click payment leveraging existing credit card information of millions of customers from the largest e-commerce store on the planet, and the impressive Kindle device can easily popularize a micro-transaction payment model for books, magazines & newspapers. It may very well provide a new lease of life to content providers which are otherwise struggling to derive full monetization potential of their content in the digital age.

YouTube Symphony Orchestra - A window to the future?

I've been following the coming together of the YouTube Symphony Orchestra since it was announced early December last year. Conceived by Timothy Lee, a product marketing manager at Google, the YouTube Symphony Orchestra was an attempt to "crowdsource" classical musicians from all over the world to perform Chinese composer Tan Dun's Internet Symphony No. 1, Eroica. Tan Dan is the Oscar-winning composer of the score for Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon.



The above video explains the process. YouTube posted sheet music for individual pieces along with instructions on the Internet. Individualized segment videos featuring Tan conducting each part were also made available. Auditions were accepted until January 28th. A panel of experts from various high-profile orchestras reviewed all entries and shortlisted them to a more manageable number, and the YouTube community voted their favorite semifinalists between February 14 and February 22. After over 3,000 auditions of musicians from 70 countries, winners were announced on March 2nd. Selected orchestra was flown to New York City in early April by Google for a three-day summit with conductor Michael Tilson Thomas, after which they played at Carnegie Hall on April 15.

Below is the video mashup of the final performance:



Act One of the final performance is below:



This was a first-of-its-kind, global collaborative project that promotes classical music, unfortunately a dying art form.

Is this a window to the future of how creative content can be developed leveraging technology & Internet?

In praise of boredom

Excerpt from Joseph Brodsky's 1995 commencement address at Dartmouth College :

When hit by boredom, let yourself be crushed by it; submerge, hit bottom. In general, with things unpleasant, the rule is: The sooner you hit bottom, the faster you surface. The idea here is to exact a full look at the worst. The reason boredom deserves such scrutiny is that it represents pure, undiluted time in all its repetitive, redundant, monotonous splendor.

Boredom is your window on the properties of time that one tends to ignore to the likely peril of one's mental equilibrium. It is your window on time's infinity. Once this window opens, don't try to shut it; on the contrary, throw it wide open.

More on the subject from Jonah Lehrer.

Pretty interesting...totally new perspective on boredom for me.

Notable winners of 2008 Peabody awards

The prestigious Peabody Awards, which recognizes the most outstanding achievements in electronic media, including radio, television and cable, were announced last week.

These are my notable ones from the 2008 winners list (and I'm not being biased in picking two from NBCU):

Onion News Network (www.theonion.com)
The Onion
The satirical tabloid's online send-up of 24-hour cable-TV news was hilarious, trenchant and not infrequently hard to distinguish from the real thing.

I've been a consumer of Onion for over a decade now...to enjoy segments like “Prague’s Franz Kafka International Named World’s Most Alienating Airport.”

NBC Coverage of 2008 Beijing Olympics Opening Ceremony and Zhang Yimou (NBC)
NBC Olympics
An exponential magnification of what was once known in television as a "spectacular," the Beijing opening ceremony was crafted and choreographed by creative director Zhang Yimou, executive produced by Dick Ebersol, produced by David Neal and directed by Bucky Gunts.

This American Life: The Giant Pool of Money (Public Radio International/NPR)
Chicago Public Radio's This American Life, National Public Radio, News Division
The first-ever collaboration of "This American Life" and NPR's news division, this report was impressive for the arresting clarity of its explanation of the financial crisis we're in, and even more so for its having aired so early - May 2008.

Entourage (HBO)
Leverage and Closest to the Hole Productions in association with HBO Entertainment
Hollywood gets an affectionately merciless tweaking in this picaresque about an ambitious male starlet, his posse of pals, and his multi-faced agent.

Saturday Night Live Political Satire, 2008 (NBC)
SNL Studios in association with NBC Universal Studios
The late-night legend stole the election-year thunder from its satirical competition on cable and may have swayed the race itself.

Nanking (HBO)
A Ted Leonsis Production in association with HBO Documentary Films
Human decency rises to confront human atrocity in this powerful, newly documented remembrance of a small group of Westerners who saved thousands of Chinese during the 1937 "rape of Nanking" by Japanese invaders.

"Reset" - The new buzzword to describe the current U.S. economy

I talked about 2008 being the year of Great Disruption in my March 8th blog post, referencing Tom Friedman (NYT) and Paul Gilding

I argued that this Disruption is not merely a down phase of an economy's usual up-and-down cycles, but rather represents a reset to new sustainable paradigms on several fronts. "Reset" is apparently becoming the new buzzword to define the current climate of American economy. It's on the cover of the Time magazine's latest issue of April 6th.

Here are a few excerpts from the Time's cover story that lists excesses in America during the quarter century period starting early 1980s and leading up to the current global financial meltdown:

From 1980 to 2007, the median price of a new American home quadrupled.

The Dow Jones industrial average climbed from 803 in the summer of 1982 to 14,165 in the fall of 2007.

From the beginning of the '80s through 2007, the share of disposable income that each household spent servicing its mortgage and consumer debt increased 35%.

Average household savings decreased from 11% of its disposable income in 1982 to less than 1% in 2007.

...until the late '80s, only Nevada and New Jersey had casinos, but now 12 states do, and 48 have some form of legalized betting.

From the beginning to the end of the long boom, the size of the average new house increased by about half.

During the boom years, the average American gained about a pound a year, so that an adult of a given age is now at least 20 lb. heavier than someone the same age back then. In the late '70s, 15% of Americans were obese; now a third are.

We knew, in our heart of hearts, that something had to give....no one wanted to be a buzz kill.

Yes, none of the commercial news outlets wanted to kill the buzz.

However, National Public Radio (NPR), the listener supported public radio in America, by far my favorite news source, ran a full hour program on this topic on May 9th, 2008, four months before the crisis surfaced on the mainstream news. "The Giant Pool of Money," an hour-long episode of This American Life (TAL), a production of Chicago Public Radio, in collaboration with NPR news, provided one of the most insightful investigative anatomy of the sub-prime mortgage mess in a vivid and humorous narrative easily understood by common man. I'd strongly encourage readers to listen to the May 9th TAL podcast.

NPR business reporter Adam Davidson, who co-created the above podcast, claimed in a recent Fast Company article that the financial crisis story demanded public-radio-style journalism. "I don't think this is a good story for newspapers, to be honest with you. Because it's an emotional story, it's a shocking story. We're used to all the people who formed the architecture of our economic infrastructure having the voice of God -- like Alan Greenspan. They're the experts and they understand the world and they're going to explain it. And business journalists had that tone too. We're now in a world where anybody who tells you they know exactly what's going on, you can just dismiss them as a liar."

Celebrities on Twitter

The growing popularity of the micro-blogging service Twitter, having grown by 13x over the past year to 7M+ uniques in Feb 09, and its increasing use for promotion/marketing, has made it popular among celebrities as well. Michael Phelps, Martha Stewart, Jane Fonda, Jimmy Fallon, P. Diddy, Deepak Chopra, Ashton Kutcher, Al Gore, are among a wide range of celebrities who are active Twitter users. Fans definitely welcome it, as they prefer direct and unfiltered updates from their stars, who also get an opportunity to connect with their fans in a manner that was not possible before such technology tools came along. Some celebrities, of course, appoint a staff member to manage their Twitter account.

Below is a representative celebrity Twitter ecosystem from The New York Times. The chart shows celebrities following one another on Twitter (as of March 18). Click of the chart to enlarge it.

"Domesticated" lions

A fascinating clip from South Africa. The guy says "this is normal."

Visualizations to explain the economic crisis

Graphic artists are having a field day in trying to explain complex financial concepts related to the ongoing global financial crisis. FlowingData has pulled together from various sources 27 visualizations and infographics.

I've included a few of them below. Click on the image to enlarge it.

2008 financial crisis
-by Carolyn Aler and Sam Conway


Alternate View of Obama’s $819 billion Stimulus Package


The Fall of GM
-by Jess Bachman


Where did all the money go?
- by Emilia Klimiuk

Role of "quants" in the demise of Wall Street

In November, while discussing the factors that let to the financial meltdown on Wall Street, I pointed out the key role played by quantitative analysts (better known as "quants" within the industry). The New York Times today has a great coverage on this topic, They Tried to Outsmart Wall Street. It also includes anecdotal accounts from physicists and other scientists who were the architects of complex derivative securities that enabled excessive risk taking and almost brought down the entire global financial services industry.

2008: The year when the "Great Disruption" started

I returned from my travels earlier this week. While catching up on my readings, I saw Tom Friedman's Op-Ed in yesterday's New York Times, in which he quoted Paul Gilding, a veteran activist and social entrepreneur from Australia, who has always championed the virtues of sustainable development. I follow both of these individuals, so I thought I should share with my readers Friedman's Op-Ed in which he aptly links Gilding's concerns in his article from last July - The Great Disruption - to the global economic and financial meltdown that started a few months later.

Gilding claimed in his July 17th article that 2008 will be a momentous year in the human history - it'll be the year when the Great Disruption began. It'll be marked as the year in history when both Mother Nature and Father Greed hit the wall simultaneously. The events that started unfolding on the global economic scene in September 2008, just two months after Gilding's article, should eliminate any doubt whatsoever anyone might have to his theory.

Friedman encapsulated similar thoughts in his Op-Ed. Few excerpts are below:

"...crisis of 2008 represents something much more fundamental than a deep recession? What if it’s telling us that the whole growth model we created over the last 50 years is simply unsustainable economically and ecologically and that 2008 was when we hit the wall — when Mother Nature and the market both said: “No more.”

"We have created a system for growth that depended on our building more and more stores to sell more and more stuff made in more and more factories in China, powered by more and more coal that would cause more and more climate change but earn China more and more dollars to buy more and more U.S. T-bills so America would have more and more money to build more and more stores and sell more and more stuff that would employ more and more Chinese ...

“We created a way of raising standards of living that we can’t possibly pass on to our children,” said Joe Romm, a physicist and climate expert who writes the indispensable blog climateprogress.org. We have been getting rich by depleting all our natural stocks — water, hydrocarbons, forests, rivers, fish and arable land — and not by generating renewable flows.

“You can get this burst of wealth that we have created from this rapacious behavior,” added Romm. “But it has to collapse, unless adults stand up and say, ‘This is a Ponzi scheme. We have not generated real wealth, and we are destroying a livable climate ...’ Real wealth is something you can pass on in a way that others can enjoy.”

The consumer driven free market economy is here to stay, but the Great Disruption of 2008 in my opinion does not merely represent a typical down cycle that will be replaced by old glory days. It instead represents a reset - a reset in both the nature and composition of economic activity in the western world, a reset in the level of conspicuous consumption, a reset in the wealth gap between rich and the poor, a reset at the Wall Street, a reset in people's priorities, and a reset in the definition of happiness and the manner in which people pursue it.

And the underlying principle of the reset will be a focus on sustainability.

Traveling over the next three weeks

I'll be out of the office for the next three weeks. Next week I'm in an offsite training in Crotonville, NY (Leadership, Innovation & Growth course) - the kind 30 Rock made fun of in one of its recent shows. The Crotonville Education Center is GE's famed training facility in a secluded region on the Hudson river (an hour north of New York city) where GE (owns 80% of NBC Universal) routinely gathers its managers from across its $180Bn portfolio of global businesses. Business school professors are invited to update managers on the business frameworks and trends from their latest academic research. Another goal is to provide a forum to managers from diverse businesses to share their best practices and identify synergistic opportunities.

I leave for India over the weekend immediately after the training ends. I'll be in Mumbai/Bombay for the first half of the week of Feb 16, and in Delhi for the rest of the month. In Mumbai I'll be speaking at FRAMES, the biggest conference on the buisness of entertainment in Asia. It's my first time at FRAMES, so I'm looking forward to it. Around 3,000 industry leaders from around the world are expected to attend. It'll be interesting to get a pulse of Asia's media & entertainment market, especially understanding the impact of the ongoing global recession on the industry.

I'm expected to be back in New York on March 1st. I'll blog about my experience upon my return.

The biggest book deal ever has lessons for content owners in today's digital age

Content owners have struggled to balance copyright laws and new technology as digitally savvy users maintain constant pressure on them to keep up with users' evolving behaviors. Music labels missed the digital revolution and then sued the fans who resorted to illegal downloads of songs. Movie and television studios and book publishers doubled up their ranks of lawyers and lobbyists instead of pro-actively experimenting with new technology to stay ahead of or at least keep up with their users' demand of providing new-technology-enabled, more convenient, content consumption experiences.

Content owners may however be finally learning their lesson - that it is better to redefine legal concepts and create innovative business models in order to help their customers than trying to stop the march of technology.

YouTube, the world's largest online video site, which is still fighting Viacom's $1B+ lawsuit over copyrighted infringement, recently announced a slate of deals with premium content owners. MGM, the financially struggling veteran Hollywood studio, will stream full-length movies and television shows on YouTube (owned by Google). CBS and the independent studio Lionsgate also announced similar content streaming deals with YouTube, which is essentially acknowledging its past mistakes with its stance on copyrights, and is willing to explore how it can together make money with content owners.

But I believe the landmark moment on this issue came in November when Google made a $125M copyright settlement with book publishers and authors, in arguably the biggest book deal ever in the U.S. history.

Under the deal, settled after two years of negotiations, Google will pay $125M to settle claims from authors and publishers for its earlier digital scanning of their copyrighted works without their permission. Google will be able to allow users to buy online access to copyrighted, out-of-print works, and will provide free online views of them at public libraries. Book titles that are still in print will be available only if publishers and authors agree to include them in the Google Book Search program, that is aimed at copying and indexing books, including copyrighted works, and allowing users to search through them online.

The settlement will provide a potentially lucrative e-commerce revenue stream to Google, that derived 99% of its total 2008 revenue ($21.8Bn) from advertising. A framework has been laid out for a new system that will track total revenue generated by Google from books (book sales, advertising and other fees) and split it between Google (37%) and authors & publishers (63%).

Google' s corporate mission is to "organize the world's information and make it universally accessible and useful." And make money through contextual advertising alongside that information. Google's Book Search program is another initiative by the company towards this mission.

This settlement signifies a major shift for Google, which has basically conceded that information is not free. A precedent has been set for content owners to make a case that they are entitled to a large piece of the advertising revenue generated by their content used by Google and other Internet search engines. Search revenue, at 41%, was the largest component of the total U.S. online advertising revenue of $21Bn in 2007.

Legal experts would read between the lines of the Google settlement to re-interpret the “fair use” doctrine of copyright law. Google, on the other hand, still maintains that the "fair use" clause allows it to continue its practice of indexing all Web content by its search engine and generating revenue without sharing it with content owners. “It is not a concession of our legal position,” said David Drummond, Google’s chief legal officer.

As the digital media industry matures, we'll see more interpretations and redefinitions of legal concepts such as fair use, many of which were defined in the age before Internet, as a medium to consume content, changed everything. There will also be revisions of business practices regarding who gets paid what and by whom.

I hope one of the most important lessons from the Google settlement is a reminder to owners of intellectual property that they can choose to lock it away, give it away, or, most sensibly, share it in exchange for reasonable compensation.

For now, I won't be surprised to see Viacom lawyers back in the news on the company's $1Bn lawsuit against Google.

Barack Obama's Inauguration day

Today President-elect Barack Obama will take oath to the Office and become the 44th President of the Unites States of America. It is a special day, not just for Americans but for people all around the world.

I read this quote somewhere: "Rosa Parks sat down (on the bus seat) so that Dr. Martin Luther King can walk. Dr. King walked so that Barack Obama can run. Obama ran so that America can fly."

Obama takes Office with unprecedented weight of expectations from people hoping for tremendous change. As mentioned above, this hope is not limited to within America. Since Obama's presidential election victory on November 4th, my wife and I have traveled to Italy and Brazil over the past two months. Every where we went, people inquired about Barack Obama and his victory the moment they discovered we were Americans. The sheer joy and hope they openly conveyed about Obama becoming the next U.S. President were truly remarkable.

I just hope American people will show patience to see the results - it seems some are expecting miracles to start happening within 100 hours after Obama takes Office, leave aside 100 days.

Given today is a working day, we may see big numbers for online streaming from people at work who want to participate in the Inauguration ceremony in Washington D.C. where up to two million people are expected to congregate from all over the world. Here are several online options for you, as aggregated by GigaOm.

I'll be taking time out between meetings to watch the coverage. You may also want to catch some of the moments of this truly historic day.

The Middle East crisis

We're currently in Rio De Janeiro for the Christmas break. As a tumultuous year comes to a close - that witnessed a historic election in the U.S.A., Beijing 2008 Olympics spectacle, the worst global financial crisis since the Great Depression, and the deadly terrorist attacks in Mumbai - the global community would have preferred the year to end on some positive note instead of the developing crisis in the Middle East. What we've been watching on the BBC at our hotel over the last three days is shocking, to say the least. Israel on Saturday launched its deadliest attacks ever in Gaza against Hamas targets. The three days of heavy air attacks by Israeli warplanes have claimed over 300 lives, including dozens of innocent women and children.

A serious humanitarian crisis is emerging due to lack of medicine, doctors, food, and other necessary basic supplies that cannot reach the Palestinian refugees in Gaza caused by Israeli air strikes and blocked borders.

Photo Source: Alyson Hurt/NPR
Gaza Strip is one of the most densely populated areas in the world, with over 1.5M Palestinians living in this narrow strip of land bordering the Mediterranean Sea. It's therefore bound to result in heavy collateral damage in the face of such an indiscriminate, all-out Israeli air attacks. Israel claims it was provoked by Hamas rocket attacks into its territory, which came at the end of the six-month long ceasefire between the two parties. I however feel that the Israeli response to the Hamas rocket attacks, even if it's true, is extremely disproportionate.

Israel is defeating its own cause and inciting further terrorism by causing severe civilian casualties, that certain reporters are calling as "massacre." Hamas may be a terrorist organization for Israel, but they are freedom fighters against Israeli occupation for Palestinians. Keep in mind that Hamas won landslide victory in democratic elections in Gaza couple of years back. Similar Israeli military actions earlier against Hezbollah north of its borders emboldened that organization and made it stronger and more popular in Syria & Lebanon. Israel should learn from its past mistakes and modify its strategy. Same actions will bring in same results, and keep dragging this long conflict painfully further.

Israel has a right to protect its citizens by all means, but it is expected to act more responsibly and not buckle under populism demand of certain sections of its population. Such indiscriminate attack by one of the world's most sophisticated military powers against a defenseless group is only going to create more hatred and anger against Israel in Middle East and across the world. It'll also create cynicism towards Israel's claimed preference for a peaceful settlement to the Palestinian issue, which as we all know will only get resolved through diplomacy, rather than militarily.

Already there has been a strong outpouring of support for affected Palestinians by world leaders, who are demanding an immediate cease-fire by Israel.

There are strong parallels to the situation in Israel with that in Kashmir, where decades of armed conflict between India and Pakistan to control this border region has only resulted in loss of thousands of lives and misery for innocent civilians without any solution.

I made my first trip to Israel last year to meet digital media startups. It's amazing that a small country like Israel can be a hub for technology innovation on such a scale. I met over a dozen startups and maybe half a dozen VC firms in four days. I took some time off to also tour through the area, as I definitely needed an education to the region's absolutely fascinating history.

I took a guided tour of the walled city of Old Jerusalem (Old City), that is housed within the current Jerusalem. My guide was a Canadian Jew who had migrated and settled in Jerusalem. He was terrific. He gave me a lesson in history ranging back to the age of Abraham and the birth of Christianity, Judaism and Islam - the three main religions of the world - from this small city less than half a square mile large.

But I wanted the Palestinian view as well, in order to get a balanced perspective. I was lucky to find a Palestinian employee at the hotel concierge, who drove a taxi in his spare time. He agreed to be my guide for the whole of next day, and drive me back to Tel Aviv, from where I had to fly back to New York.

He told me that it's much more lucrative to be a guide for the historic Old City, but complained that it's virtually impossible for him to get that job - almost all those guides are Jews. Israel apparently wants to control the version of the history told to foreign tourists about the disputed land that is claimed by members of all the three religions.

I enjoyed the driving tour by my Palestinian guide almost as much, if not more, than the walking tour of the religiously-rich Old City. I drove through the north and east region immediately outside the Old City; saw the so called "Berlin Wall" around Jerusalem that is being built by Israel to control Palestinian movement into Jerusalem; visited Israeli settlements around Jerusalem and the West Bank; went up to Masada and heard its incredible story; saw the caves of the Dead Sea Scrolls; and took a dip in the salty waters of the Dead Sea.

It's extremely unfortunate that a region with such an amazing history has been mired in a protracted conflict that has lost so many lives. I hope better sense will prevail, and concerted efforts are made towards a speedy and peaceful resolution of the conflict between Israel and Palestine, the sentiments of which affect the entire region of Middle East.

I strongly feel that no solution to this conflict can be reached without an active mediation from the United States. The current Bush administration in this regard failed miserably during its eight years in office - they have no progress to show for. The ongoing conflict in Gaza will necessitate President-elect Obama to add Israel/Palestine peace process to his growing list of "urgent issue to address" once he takes the oath of Office on January 20th, if it was not already on his agenda.

I want to leave the readers with this picture that I took during my recent visit to Israel of the graffiti on the "Berlin Wall" that Israel has built around Jerusalem. It captures the sentiments of affected civilians and the unfortunate story of the region.

Photo Source: Sab Kanaujia

Quote of the day

"Washington will bail out those who shower before work, but not those who shower afterwards" - Leo Gerard, President, Steelworkers Union.

Gerard was commenting on U.S. Congress' seemingly double standard in providing massive Federal help to rich banks and its white collar employees while erecting stricter hurdles in order to help the Detroit auto industry that supports millions of blue collar workers.

Congress last week drove Detroit's Big Three CEOs out of Washington, D.C., ordering them not to return with their tin cups until they could guarantee that their auto companies will be viable if provided a $25 billion Federal bailout. In contrast, Citigroup was approved a $20 billion government loan just days later, within 48 hours of making that request to Federal officials. In October, the bank had already received its first $25 billion from the government, which this time also backed $306 billion worth of Citigroup's risky loans and securities.

Washington, D.C. is a white collar town. Several prominent figures in the banking industry - Citigroup's Robert Rubin, a former Secretary of the Treasury, and UBS's Phil Gramm, a former Texas Senator - previously worked in Washington and have the potential to influence its policies. It's not surprising that Congress is therefore seen more sympathetic to the cause of the banking industry compared to that of the auto industry in Detroit, a blue collar town, by contrast.

Terrorist attacks in Mumbai

While we celebrate Thanksgiving during this long holiday weekend in the U.S., half way across the globe, the largest democracy in the world faces its toughest challenge yet in its war against terrorism. What has been unfolding over the past 36 hours in Mumbai (formerly, Bombay), India's largest metropolitan city with a population of 19M and the hub of its commercial and entertainment industries, is outrageously shocking. Terrorists had literally taken seize of South Mumbai, the city's richest and most popular area, and went on the rampage with indiscriminate shootings and bombings with a focus on city's several symbolic targets. The last count of casualties showed 134 dead and 308 injured, including 12 foreigners and Mumbai's Anti-Terrorism police chief. At this hour, some terrorists are still holding out their positions with sufficient armaments inside the Taj Mahal Palace hotel, arguably the city's most popular spot amongst rich, celebrities and foreign tourists.

I extend my solemn condolences for all who lost their loved ones. My wife is from South Mumbai, but fortunately everyone from her family is safe. Her relatives live in and around Colaba, which was the ground zero for the deadly attacks. But some of my wife's friends and relatives have been directly affected.

The map below shows a timeline of the synchronized terrorist attacks and affected areas of Mumbai. Click on the map to enlarge it.

Source: NDTV.com

While Mumbai has been repeatedly hit by terrorism in recent years, the difference in the attacks this time is the scale of coordination across simultaneous multiple locations, targeting of foreigners, and the choice of the picked iconic landmarks in the city. Another major difference, a disturbing one, is the possible emergence of internal Islamic terrorist groups aligned with al-Qaeda and its agenda from within India, the home to 140M Muslims, third largest in the world. A little known Indian group by the name of Deccan Mujahideen has claimed responsibility for the Mumbai attacks, but we cannot be assured whether these claims are true and/or other external terrorist groups are not involved. India has a history of being targeted by Islamic fundamentalist terrorist groups based in Pakistan, Afghanistan and Middle East.

I hope the Indian government takes tough, concrete actions this time. It has been rather soft after previous terrorist attacks on its soil, when despite having definitive proof of the involvement of specific groups based in Pakistan and Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (PoK), the Indian government, sometimes under pressure from the U.S., restrained from retaliatory actions due to the fear of escalating wider tensions with Pakistan. But the time has come when Pakistan has to match its rhetoric against terrorism with actions on the ground. It got to fully cooperate with India in investigating the Mumbai attacks, and aggressively go after every terrorist group in Pakistan that may be involved in these deadly attacks.

In parallel, India will need to work extremely hard in restoring the confidence, especially overseas, in its ability to keep its cities and people safe and secure. The psychological damage to the country's reputation cannot be overstated. With the Indian economy already slowing down amidst the ongoing global recession, the timing of these terrorist attacks on India's commercial capital could not have been worse.

Death of Investment Banking - The New Wall Street

September 21, 2008 will be etched on the tombstone of the investment banking industry. The day marked the death of investment banks in America. On that day, the last two remaining independent U.S. investment banks, Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley, converted themselves into commercial banks, which take consumer deposits, a more conservative source of money. With the move, Wall Street as it has long been known - a closed group of independent financial institutions which advise clients, buy and sell securities, provide brokerage services, etc, and are less regulated than traditional, old-fashioned banks - will cease to exist.

Goldman & Morgan will now be under stricter Federal regulations that govern bank holding companies. This followed the earlier transforming events with the other three major Wall Street investment banks: Merrill Lynch, Lehman Brothers and Bear Stearns sought bankruptcy protection or merged into larger commercial banks. The immediate motivating factor for the move by Goldman & Morgan, given their precarious financial health, was to gain eligibility for the Federal financial support that is available only to commercial banks.

The two main reasons, in my opinion, that brought the end of investment banks were:

• High financial leverage: Banks operated by borrowing extremely high level of debt compared to their asset value. Lehman Brothers financial leverage was 32 to 1 when it was swallowed from the brink of bankruptcy by Barclays Capital - meaning, Lehman held $32 of debt on its balance sheet for every dollar of equity. Bear Stearns' leverage was 33 to 1 when it failed, and during the last quarter, Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley had leverage ratios of 24:1 and 25:1, respectively.

• Playing with complex derivative securities: Banks engineered complex financial derivatives - securities that derive their intrinsic value from other underlying assets - which were too difficult to fully comprehend, and hence manage. As it turns out, some of my undergrad engineering classmates from IIT were among the architects of these financial instruments. In recent years, many investment banks had hired a slew of mathematicians and engineers with PhDs and other advanced technical degrees to design new, complex financial derivatives in order to spread risk of their bets and increase liquidity. These derivatives were openly traded, changed hands several times over, and ended up finding home into the balance sheets of banks and even some non-financial institutions all over the world. The process got so deep rooted, that at some point it became impossible to estimate the true risk exposure of institutions holding these securities. Risk management function therefore got severely compromised. So, when the underlying assets of these derivatives, the U.S. real estate, crashed in value, there was a domino effect across all entities holding assets tied to it.

Let me share a personal account about my own career decision. In the summer of 1996, I did two internships while I was in the business school. I had moved to the U.S. from India a year earlier for my MBA, and had never worked before in the U.S. I therefore wanted to maximize my industry exposure in the country before picking up my career field upon graduation. One internship was in investment banking with Smith Barney, and the other was with an Internet start-up. Smith Barney paid me three times more money than what the start-up could, but I had at least three times more fun with my start-up gig. I felt I added significantly more value at the start-up - I helped it grow revenue by 50%+ and played a key role in its successful IPO later that winter. Upon graduation, I chose a career in the Internet/technology space. Investment banking, a much more financially rewarding career, was however never going to be personally as fulfilling for me.

Investment banking is a support industry that provides services for corporations which build real products for the consumers. That notion somehow got lost in the era of excess over the last couple of decades, when investment bankers took home obscene amounts of cash by taking unduly high risk with other people's money. Twenty-something years old making seven figures trading mortgage-backed securities was an example of such excesses.

Risk taking was encouraged, with limited downside. If your bet worked, you could make several multiples of your base salary in bonus. If your bet failed, you could still walk away with the salary, loosing just the bonus. That is assuming the results of the failure showed up during the same period when the bet was made - in many cases, the incentive structure allowed bankers to postpone repercussions of their actions sometime in the future while reaping the rewards today.

This mismatch in the real world between activities that allowed accumulation of significant personal wealth and activities that created and sustained real value in the economy obviously affected how young students made their career decisions. Investment banking became the most sought-after and glorified job in business school campuses.

I don't have any objection with, for example, hedge fund managers making ten figures - that's right, over billion dollars a year - gambling with rich people's money (only high net worth individuals or institutions are allowed to participate in hedge funds). Until, of course, hedge funds become "too big to fail" and taxpayers have to bail them out (remember Long Term Capital Management), but that's a debate for some other time. The investment bankers however were playing around with funds tied to the Main Street, e.g., pension funds and 401ks of the common man. No wonder there is a huge public outrage with current bail-outs being handed out at taxpayers' expense to the Wall Street.

In a related distortion, CEOs of corporate America started demanding higher salary seeing tens of hundreds of million dollar payouts to their Wall Street counterparts. In 1970, CEOs in America were paid 28 times more than the salary of an average worker (vs. lowest paid worker) in the country. By 2005, the salary gap had ballooned up to 485. That's right, a CEO got paid more in one day than what an average worker earned during the entire year.

So, what will change now. The new Wall Street is going to look very different. The industry will be much smaller. Excess risk taking is a thing of the past. Since high risk enables high rewards, executive payouts on the Wall Street will reduce substantially. The party is over. Many old functions and practices will no longer exist.

The most important change however will be in the new funding architecture of financial institutions. Until now, banks operated in a totally free market funding environment that provided plenty of sources with just-in-time capital availability and extreme liquidity. That will change. In the current crisis environment, central banks globally have become the sole source for large funding needs of financial institutions. FDIC insurance is needed if large debt has to be raised in the U.S. This is, obviously, not sustainable.

The President-elect Barack Obama's new administration will need to work with financial institutions to establish the norms of a new funding architecture for the industry. Given the global nature of today's capital markets which enable global access and movement of capital, a level playing field will need to be created across different jurisdictions globally. The G-20 countries will need to work together to ensure this. The joint communique issued by the G-20 leaders during this month's hastily arranged economic summit by President Bush in Washington D.C. seems to be a good start, but real work has been postponed until April 2009, in order to let Barack Obama settle down in the Office after assuming the U.S. Presidency in January. Lastly, the new Wall Street will have to settle for much greater Federal regulations, and higher transparency, at least to the regulators who will provide the oversight.

Web 2.0 Summit 2008

I attended the Web 2.0 Summit in San Francisco last week. Despite the name, the conference has now broadened to cover everything and anything about digital media, consumer Internet, Enterprise software, cloud computing, clean technology, and, of course, Web 2.0.

Here are some quotes and facts from the conference that I found worth sharing, though I would admit that I did not sit through most of the sessions inside conference rooms. Given the wide attendance at the Summit, I mostly go to meet folks from the industry, catch-up with partner firms, see interesting startups, and network, which happens outside in the lobby. In fact, many just show up for the "lobbycon" - hob-nobbing in the lobby for free, instead of doling out a few grands on the conference pass.

Al Gore, the former Vice President of the U.S., presenter of the Oscar-winning environmental documentary, The Inconvenient Truth, and the Noble laureate, urging for a higher purpose of Web 2.0:

“The purpose, I would urge all of you — as many of you as are willing to take it up — is to bring about a higher level of consciousness about our planet and the imminent danger and opportunity we face because of the radical transformation in the relationship between human beings and the Earth.”

Talking about his crusade on preserving our environment, Gore said:

“I feel, in a sense, I’ve failed badly.” “Because even though there’s a greater sense of awareness, there is not anything anywhere close to an appropriate sense of urgency. This is an existential threat.”

Mark Zuckerberg, the CEO of Facebook, presented his Web 2.0 corollary to the famous Moore's law (the processing power of chips double every two years):

“I would expect that next year, people will share twice as much information as they share this year, and next year, they will be sharing twice as much as they did the year before,” he said. “That means that people are using Facebook, and the applications and the ecosystem, more and more.”

I don't think anybody will dis-agree with the above position. The social media revolution will involve more and more people sharing more and more of their thoughts and experiences using Internet as a medium and leveraging its various tools (Facebook/MySpace, Flickr, Twitter, YouTube, Tumblr, etc.). I'd submit that the pace of information sharing may in fact more than double every year as the ubiquity of broadband access, Internet and the means/devices to access it spreads globally. It definitely has in my case.

Ariana Huffington, Editor-in-Chief of the The Huffington Post:

“Were it not for the Internet, Barack Obama would not be president. Were it not for the Internet, Barack Obama would not have been the nominee.”

John Doerr, Venture Capitalist, Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers (KPCB), was interviewed by John Heilemann, a contributing editor at the New York magazine, who had been covering the election campaign of the President-elect Barack Obama.

Q: Who should Barack Obama select for the position of the Chief Technology Officer, Unites States, a position that Obama has promised to create?
A: John Doerr suggested Bill Joy, Partner, KPCB, and the co-founder of Sun Microsystems, in which Doerr had invested.

Q: Will Mr. Doerr ask Senator John McCain or Governor Sarah Palin to join KPCB, given the company's history of hiring former politicians like former Vice President Al Gore and former Secretary of State Colin Powell?
A: “If you put lipstick on that, it still won’t work at Kleiner.” John Doerr is a politically active Democrat.